Is Police accountability a special case, or merely one example of the Essay

Is Police accountability a special case, or merely virtuoso example of the tension inherent in all accountability arrangements between allowing agents the exercise o - move ExampleThe OSCE in its report on democracy in Serbia says that to establish antiauthoritarian stability in a country it is crucial that the policing is both democratic and free from political interference (OSCE, 2002). For this purpose, accountability is prerequisite both within and outside the organization. This is to ensure that the natural law do not function in an authoritarian manner and can be held to account by the citizens for its actions. The report says that the most important feature of democratic policing is that policing must be with the general consent of the human beings (OSCE, 1). This applies both to the actions of the natural law personnel and the manner in which the action occurs. There must be an ongoing dialogue between the public and the jurisprudence regarding the sprint of policing and the limitations of guard powers (OSCE, 1). It implies an agreed understanding between the two about when the police will intervene and the agreeable ways for them to do it. It is known as moral consensus.In this system there is a counterpoise between power and accountability. Power is given(p) to the police forces by the parliament on behalf of the citizens, who are granted the ability to hold the police accountable for their actions, policies, procedures, priorities, and expenditure (OSCE 2002). The police is also expected to have integrity, fairness, sensitivity, and these set are upheld through systems of accountability. In a democracy, policing unavoidably to be based on consent across the community (Accountability I). The community recognizes the legitimacy of the policing task, confers authority on police personnel in carrying out their billet in policing and actively supports them (Accountability I). Consent depends on proper accountability. The police needs to be accountable in two senses - the subordinate or obedient sense and the explanatory and cooperative sense. In the former sense, the police are subordinate to the law and the community expects to get the service for which its money is spent. In the latter sense, the public and police need to communicate with each other and work in partnership to ensure legal policing. OSCE has recommended five directs of supervision to ensure accountability of the police forces to the public. These are 1. Internal affairs The first level of accountability insists on integrity. There is the need for an internal affairs department which overlooks the integrity of the individual police staff. Its responsibility will be to investigate allegations of crime, corruption and inappropriate behaviour on the part of the police personnel. They would also devise tactics to prevent corruption. 2. External oversight To uphold the integrity of this internal affairs department there needs to be an organization, comp letely independent of the police, which will oversee the allegations of crime, corruption and malpractices against the police. This external organization would also have the right to see the documents of the internal affairs department. This organization would report jeopardize to the public after investigating allegations against the police department. It will also be able to influence police procedures and comment publicly on incidents (OSCE 2002).3. Parliamentary oversight The external oversight organization also needs

Biological Factors and Feeding Behaviors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Biological Factors and Feeding Behaviors - Essay ExampleThey serve as both motivations and coercive forces that affect judgment, decision-making and the series of actions they trigger. A specific example, which this paper ordain investigate, is the nutriment appearance. For this purpose, an write up of behavior will be provided and an outline of several evidences that will support the claim that biological factors understand feeding behaviors. Anatomy of Behavior In order to better outline the relationship of biological factors to feeding behavior, it is important to understand what behavior is. Cohn and MacPhail (1996) stressed that in order to do this one must be able to answer four questions involving 1. Causation, which refers the internal and external stimuli, processes, and contingencies that precede the behavior of interest 2. Ontogeny, which is the development of behavior over the lifetime of an individual and mediated by the complex interaction between genetic and envir onmental factors 3. Evolution or the changes in behavioral processes across generations and, 4. Function, which is all about questions of adaptation. (p. 299) Now, the first two questions ar considered proximate and ultimate questions that are tied to the biological factors role in behavior. These two are nigh universal because they are true to almost all animals. The occurrence and types of behavior, wrote Cohn and MacPhail, are generally species specific except that there are commonalities in the areas of basic activities such as survival and feeding behavior. (p. 299) A interrogation by Legendre et al. (1994) revealed that the evolutionary characteristic of behavior and the human brain could be depicted or predicted finished a model that involves diet or releaseing patterns along with variables such as sociability and locomotion. (p. 1487) Behavior, hence, is characterized by numerous and diverse causes and a number of which are biological factors. Feeding is particularly i mportant in this area because it is primarily biologically driven. Crucial to this billet is the role played by the hypothalamus, the brain electronic organ responsible for biological motivation. If a person suffers an injury and then began to eat voraciously, then his hypothalamus might be affected, particularly the ventromedial section, which executes as the satiety center. (Hakala, 2009, p. 85) If it were damaged, the brain would be incapable to tell the person that he is generous because no signal is being transmitted and, thus, he will continue to eat. If an injury affects the lateral hypothalamus, it will result in a sharp downturn in the individuals motivation to eat and he will not feel the motivated to eat or motivated to eat. (Hakala, p. 85) This point is explained nurture in the following section. Feeding Behaviors Feeding is an action that involves an array of variables. First, there is the concept of wish as nutriment is necessary for survival. The fundamental fa ct is that it is required by a living body to function and continue living. Most activities need energy and health that can only be gained through food in shoot for. (Snooks, 2009, p. 122) Hunger is a simple example about how the body can command an individual to take action, more specifically to eat. As the energy is depleted and used up by daily activities, the need to eat emerges. This process works within the so-called biological control systems. According to Bloom these race by allowing a gradual change of state to occur until a critical level is reached, the point wherein a behavioral or psychological correction mechanism is initiated. (p. 21) So when someone used up all his energy, then feeding or the need to eat becomes apparent. A study undertaken by Elliot and incubate back in 1935 is one of the earliest studies to demonstrate this. In their findings, the

World Trade Organization Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

World avocation Organization Information - Essay ExampleThe legal documents of the WTO explore this idea and the individual obligations of member countries.From 1947 until Jan. 1, 1995, when the WTO officially came into being, the main body for settling international guile disputes was absorbd under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. in the first place World War II the get together States had entered into a series of bilateral trade negotiations. In the twenties and 1930s, a series of protectionist measures, including congressional approval of the Smoot-Hawley tariff law, harmed international trade and, experts say, deepened the worldwide recession. After the war, the United States and other export-dependent countries tried to establish a trade body parallel to emerging international pecuniary institutions, such as the World Bank. Efforts to form an international trade organization foundered, with many countries raising the kindred objections later leveled against th e WTO fear of lost sovereignty. In 1947 in Geneva, however, 23 nations formed the GATT. Until 1994, the GATT was the forum for resolving trade disputes and launching negotiating efforts.There were eight trade rounds in 50 years, and they resulted, according to the U.S. trade representatives office, in a 15-fold increase in international commerce. But the GATT came under increasing criticism from nations and exporters who said it was too incompetent and its settlement process was too open-ended. Under the GATT system, the losing party could simply block a decision. As considerable as no one did it, the system worked...but more and more started doing it, in 1986, when The Uruguay Round was launched in Punta del Este, 74 nations attended the conference. The final agreement, reached in 1994, was designed to reduce tariffs and trade barriers by 40 percent. It also, nearly 50 years after the idea was broached, created the WTO to oversee international trade. Operation How and WhereWorld trade organization operates in the following functionsIt administers organization trade agreements, Handles trade disputes.Monitors national trade policies. Provides technical assistance and training to growth countries, cooperates with other international organizations.( www.geocities.com/letoconsulting/wto_accession.htm)Serves as a forum for trade negotiations. The World Trade Organization is designed to create the rules involved with trade. These trading rules include all countries, not just the US, and can therefore be a little tricky at times. The WTO establishes a structure for trade policies it does not define results (Bag advantageously &Staiger p80). As we can see, the rules of trading are simply set as guidelines and cannot guarantee a certain upshot for each individual agreement between countries. There are five main rules that the WTO depends on to operate smoothly on a daily basis and they are as follows unbiasness, reciprocity, enforceable commitments, simplicity, as well as security valves. 1. The WTO shall make possible the implication , administration as well as operation, and promote the objectives, of this Agreement along with the Multilateral Trade Agreements, and shall also give the structure for the implementation,

Cyber-Bullying and Cyber-Bating - Specific Issues of Generation Z Assignment

Cyber-Bullying and Cyber-Bating - Specific Issues of Generation Z - Assignment ExampleAs a function of understanding all of these determinants, the following analysis go forth withdraw in something of a cause and effect analysis of bullying. It is the aim of this section that through such(prenominal) analysis the reader can gain a to a greater extent informed and rational understanding of how cyber-bullying impacts upon the ontogeny and prospects of the individual who suffers from it. Likewise, the second portion of this analysis will focus on a new burn that has come to be known as cyber-bating a technique that is used to prompt a instructor or authority figure past the threshold of anger and then record this demonstration of licking as a means of degrading or humiliating them. All of this has come to be a core concern especially with respect to Generation Z commonly referred to as the cohort of individuals innate(p) after the Millennium.Firstly, the causes of cyber-bullying are various. Much of the existing scholarship points to the fact that existing social issues, dynamics, and the willingness to apply a level of power over another individual oftentimes prompts a would be full to engage in the process from the very beginning. However, it is also understood that unhealthy family relationships or issues that are unaddressed/traumatic oftentimes contribute to encouraging bullying behaviour as a means of passing the bruise and hardship on to another individual.Sadly, as a result of this flawed and inappropriate view of the world, bullies have a lasting impact with respect to the way in which individuals live their lives. For instance, pervasive bullying has been efficaciously linked to low levels of self-esteem or self-confidence. Further, this is something of a slippery slope due to the fact that individuals envision a particularly low level of self-confidence are oftentimes picked on even more and bullied by other individuals due to their nonconfor mity.

Study Guide Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Study Guide - Coursework ExampleHis music was chiefly politic wholey focused thus being referred to as King of Blues. I agree with Peter Wald, that ride White had become a leading top blind blue singer in the 1920s, and the graduation exercise young man to stir a competition in the race record market (Wald 75).During the block of 1920, Josh White was considered the most popular blue stars and could not even be compared to Robert Johnson. Later on in 1930s, he discovered the notorious New York public which occasionally appeared alongside his jazz muckle making it become popular in the folk world as many of his counterparts referred to him as Mr. Folk. Amidst, all these Josh White struggled to maintain a balance that will keep his career afloat by making a declaration that his main purpose was to unite the communist.In conclusion, Josh Whites outspoken stance on civil rights issues were greatly manifested during the folk revival. This accorded him the opportunity to be renowned as the most popular folksinger enabling him performs in such events like the Martin Luther Kings promotion at glory (Wald

Safe Injecting Facilities Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Safe Injecting Facilities - Term idea ExampleThese Safe blastoffs sites also known as drug consumption rooms (DCRs), adept injection rooms, and supervised injection sites/facilities/centers, began in Europe in the 1980s. They now exist in cities in Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and Australia. The graduation exercise strong injection site in North America, Insite, began operating as a pilot jutting in Vancouver, BC in 2003, and was recently given the go-ahead to remain open after a Supreme Court battle with the federal government (Keen, 2003).Injection drug custom continues to be associated with an start out of significant health and social consequences throughout North America. These consequences are tied directly to the consumption of adulterous drugs of unknown potency and composition, and the sharing of contaminated injection equipment and indirectly, through unprotected sex with drug injectors, and through injectors immersion in black-market pursuits tha t result frequently in violent exchanges with criminals and the police.Keen (2003) states that in the united States, injection drug use accounts for approximately 25% of all cumulative AIDS cases nationwide, but close at hand(predicate) to 50% of all cases in several northeastern States. The number of new HIV infections reported nationwide among injectors increased 300% in the 1990s, from 6,474 new infections in 1993, to 13,969 in 1995, 17,344 in 1998 and 18,882 in 1999. Disease Injectors also suffer from very high rates of hepatitis C infection 90% of people who have injected for 5 years or more are infected - and from endocarditis, an acute infection of the heart valves that is not ordinarily seen among young adults. Fatal and nonfatal drug overdose (OD) is also a prevalent medical chore among injectors, and hospital emergency rooms throughout the country attend to ODs virtually everyday. Emergency room (ER) visits involving diacetylmorphine alone doubled from 33,900 in 1990 to 70,500 in 1996. Some medical experts have recently declared that the coupled States is in the midst of another heroin epidemic. On the other hand, injectors are known to use special cope services erratically and only after they are very sick, which drives up health care costs (Drug Policy expert Committee, 2000). The argument for practiced injection sites Several research studies have shown that safe injection sites have advantages for drug injectors and for the community including reduction in many of the harmful aspects of drug use on the individual (spread of infections, risk of overdose) and to society (drug-related crime, public exposure to drug injecting paraphernalia), as well as positive benefits (increase in education about safety among injectors, more drug users accessing treatment and other services). colossal research has been conducted at Insite in Vancouver, with positive results. The argument against safe injection sites Critics have argued against the introd uction of safe injection sites largely based on the principle that drug addiction is wrong, and should not be condoned in any way. The political focus on reducing harm to drug users deflects the focus from where it belongs, which is on the legal profession and treatment of drug abuse. Introducing safe injection sites is seen as a step towards drug legalization, and undermines law enforcement principles and practices. Researchers fold that police surveillance may end up scaring away the very people North Americas for the first time sanctioned safer injecting facility is intended to help. While there have been methodological criticisms of the evaluation studies supporting safe injection sites, and Insite in particular, critics on the other side argue that there is no substantial bag for these criticisms. Ultimately, the strong views on both sides

Nursing Interventions to Prevent Falls in Elderly Research Paper

Nursing Interventions to Prevent move in Elderly - Research Paper drillCommon chronic problems like hindered vision, hearing failure and impaired memory arise in senior age which leadsto different problems and severe distress. Elderly bulk atomic number 18 generally subjected to polypharmacy (using triplex medications) due to multiple problems of old age. A essay shows that there are about as many elderly who aspire nonprescription drugs as take prescription drugs. This however, may cause adverse drug effects (categorized as serious, life-threating and fatal)if the drugs interact with each other within the body.Another complexity is the refusal of elderly people to cooperate due to the worship of consequences of treatmentand they reject taking any health check armorial bearing. However, many of these problems are treatable, if proper nursing measures are taken. Overview Falls in Elderly Falls among elderly are not related to normal aging rather, they are regarded as a geri atric syndrome because of discrete multifactorial and interacting, predisposing (intrinsic and extrinsic risks), and precipitating (vertigo, syncope) causes. We have taken twain studies into consideration ground on the randomized trials of the elderly people living in Homes (Day et al., 2002) Residential care facilities (Jensen, Lundin-Olsson, Nyberg & Gustafson, 2002) There has been a lot of research in the past decade on randomized controlled trials based on impress prevention. Day et al. (2002) report that exercise, minimization in medication, professional support services and al-Qaida modifications have proved to be effective interventions as supported by RCT.Trails of multiple interventions have withal shown to be effective in fall prevention. While in another study Jensen, Lundin-Olsson, Nyberg & Gustafson (2002) has designed a hypothesis intervention program based on specific multiple risk factors for falls in elderly residents of residential care facilities and conducte d RCT for fall prevention. Designs Study-I Day et al., (2002) designed the evidence based study which targeted fall risk factors strength, balance disorder, impaired vision, and home hazards (included because of its extensive presence although no strong evidence was available). The study used a full factorial design, designating eight groups on the basis of three interventions. Seven groups availed at least one intervention and the remaining one group didnt till the end of the study.adaptive Biased Coin technique was used to select the participants. A flow chart of the scheme is provided in appendix-I. Placement CityofWhitehorse, Melbourne, Australia Participant Age 70 years and above (residing at own homes) Data sound judgement The researchers compared and divided individuals into different groups according to the available data on the basis of higher percentage have sizeOn the basis of 25%annualfall-reductionconsidered to be an achievable target the studies required 914 partic ipants and 1143 participants for a non-intervention assessment and main effect comparison(annual fall-rateof 35 per 100 individuals) allowing a 20% dropout. Study-II Jensons (2002) study was designed onelderly people (having cognitive dysfunction)residing in residentialcare facilities. The study reports that out of 25 residents, nine met the criterion and were split into groups A and B (based on age, number and type of facility setting and record of previous falls). To maintain the discreetness the medical staff